Stable Peace ~ Low Tension

High Tension ~ Crisis

Economic/ Development

Strengthening the macro-economic environment

Promoting participatory development and public/private sector cooperation

Encouraging equitable income distribution and fair trade principles

International development aid to promote growth that benefits all

Conflict-sensitive development and economic relief efforts.

Economic incentives from international community to reduce tension and seek settlement. 

Economic sanctions and

asset-freezing

Supporting job creation demobilization/reintegration programs.

International financial support for implementing peace agreements

Assistance in undoing war economy and creating peace-based economic environment/institutions

Promoting intergroup economic activity and joint ventures

Financial assistance for community development projects and related enterprises

Reintegrating into global economy with an eye to equitable distribution of income/capital and fair trade.

Governance/

Political Systems

Conflict-management capacity initiatives with various levels of government

Supporting democratic institution-building

Strengthening international diplomatic relations and fora

Promoting good governance values and institutional development

Providing good offices and preventive diplomacy exchanges

Promoting democratic transitions of power (election-monitoring and assistance)

Diplomatic isolation

Regional and international assistance in implementing political reform or power transitions

Election-monitoring and democratic  institution-building

Institutionalizing regional and international diplomacy mechanisms

Democracy-building assistance and investment

Strengthening participatory political mechanisms at the grassroots level

Social/ Educational

Supporting the education and empowerment of women

Promoting broad education and literacy

Encouraging intergroup (ethnic, religious, racial) cooperation and collaboration

Helping maintain lines of communication and interaction between conflict groups

Assistance with reintegration of conflict groups and reconciliation efforts at the community level

Promoting peace education in schools and with adults

Mainstreaming peace education and women’s empowerment

Strengthening social fora for interaction and communication among groups

Stable Peace ~ Low Tension

High Tension ~ Crisis

Rule of Law and Justice

Offering bilateral and multilateral police and legal training

Human rights advocacy and education

Justice system institutional development

Human rights monitors

Post-conflict development of judicial systems and legal training

Human rights observers

ICC, regional, and national judicial capacity-building

Promoting the development of strong human rights law

Encouraging international cooperation on refugee, migration laws

Disarmament/ Local Security

Developing stricture controls and compliance with international standards for conventional weapons, small arms, and landmines

Encouraging greater arms trade transparency and monitoring

Promoting gun control and community safety programs

Arms embargoes and economic incentives for reducing military build-up

Nonviolent rapid reaction forces

International accompaniment

Supporting reintegration and demobilization programs for former combatants, particularly child soldiers

Assistance with weapons collections and military build-down

Promoting local interpretation and understanding of peace agreement

Global reductions in military spending

International adoption of a Code of Conduct on Arms Transfers

Encouraging gun-free zones and community disarmament programs

Promoting global nuclear disarmament

Environmental/Natural Resources

Regional monitoring, education, and collaboration on environmental threats

International attention to the potential for water and other resource-based conflicts

Boycott or embargoes on products reaped from violent conflict

International assistance with monitoring and responding to environmental security threats

International environmental relief efforts

Assistance with developing sustainable environmental policies on a national and regional basis

Adoption of international treaties / standards for environmental security and sustainable earth policies

Promoting fair sharing of natural resources and environmental costs

Third-Party Mediation/ Peacemaking

Conflict management, mediation, and peacemaking training and exchanges

Promoting the development of community, school, and legal mediation initiatives

Offering good offices and third-party mediation

Assistance with treaty obligation monitoring and negotiation follow-up

Developing an international entourage of conflict resolution/mediation experts and practitioners

Mainstreaming peacemaking in education and government