Index
To save space, items have been omitted from this index if they appear frequently in the text and can be readily found in their expected places. These would include countries of Europe, found in chapters 4 and 5, and the dynasties of China, found in chapters 11 and 12. Items in the appendixes are also omitted, since they can readily be found by the titles to the appendixes.
Abbasid period, 280, 285 Abdulhamid II of Ottoman Empire, 290 aborted institutions, in Africa, 95 absolutism, in Germany, 319-20 accountability, 3, 62, 68, 75, 199 in Brazil, 267 in four dragons, 311 in Germany, 314, 317, 320, 324 in Guatemala, 255-57 in Japan, 39 in Mexico, 247 in Nicaragua, 258 in northwestern Europe, 57 in Peru, 263, 265 Aethelstan, king of England, 83 African National Congress, 336 agriculture, in Africa, 92, 124-26 in China, 156 in Iberia, 237-38 in Japan, 13, 33 Aguirre Cerda, Pedro, 274 Aja, 100 Akwapim, 93 Alawites, 295 Albigensian crusades, 43 Alessandri, Arturo, 274 Alexander, Prince of Novgorod, 304 Alexander I of Russia, 197, 214, 216 Alexander II of Russia, 193, 197, 214, 216 Alexis of Russia, 196 Alfonsín, Raúl, 271 | ||||
Alfonso IV of Portugal, 231 Algeria, 124, 130, 288 Allende, Salvador, 273, 274 allodial landholders, 63 Almohads, 108, 288 Almoravids, 92, 109, 288 Alpers, Edward A., 101 Alps, 43 alternative power, in Japan, 14 Althusius, Johannes, 84 America's Watch, 271 An Lushan, 158 Angell, Wayne, 217 Angola, 109, 130, 131 Anna of Russia, 196, 216 Annals school of history, 45 Annam, 167 apanages, 63 Aquinas, Saint Thomas, 65, 84, 88 Aquitaine, 66 Aragon, 223, 227 Araucanian Indians, 273 Argentina, 268-72 Aristotle, 66, 280 Arthur, W. Brian, 70 Asakawa, Kanichi, 2, 18 Asante, 101 Aspe, Pedro, 250 Assad, Hafiz al-, 295 Assam, 140 Assassins, 288 Ataturk, Kemal, 301 Augsburg, 63 Augsburg, Peace of, 314 Aulic Council, 322 Austria, 324 Avellaneda, Nicolás, 269 Aylwin, Patricio, 273-4 Ayodha, 140 Azo Soldanus, 47, 84 azukari dokoro, 13, 18 Azzone Soldanus. See Azo
Baghdad, 280, 296 Bagirmi, 109 Bahmani kingdom, 139 Baklanoff, Eric N., 240 | ||||
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A History of Wealth and Poverty | ||||
bakufu, definition, 16 balance of power, 1, 5, 8, 72, 79, 85, 319 in Africa, 104 in Iberia, 227, 241 in India, 147 in Italian city-states, 308, 309 in Japan, 31, 37 in Mexico, 252 in Middle East, 288 in northwestern Europe, 44, 55-56 in Novgorod, 306 in Russia, 200, 211 Ball, John, 50 balloon analogy, 7, 79, 339-40 Balmaceda, José Manuel, 273-74 Bangladesh, 140 banking, in China, 181-84; in Germany, 314, 322-24 in Iberia, 232-34 in Italian city-states, 306 in Japan, 26 in Middle East, 285-86 in Russia, 199-203 Bantu, 93 Barcelona, 242 Basque country, 228, 232 Bauernschutz, 320 Bayezid, 284 Beaumanoir, Philippe de Remi, 84 Beauvais, 54 Becket, Thomas, 64, 66, 84 behetría, 226-27 Belskys, 212 Bengal, 138, 140 Benguela, 94 Benin, 104, 111 Berbers, 92 Bergier, Jean-François, 323 Berman, Harold, 79, 161, 194, 198, 215 Bessemer process, 242 Biafra, 94, 130 Bihar, 140 Bilbao, 239 bills of exchange, in Japan, 28 in Africa, 95 |
Birmingham, David, 95, 101, 105 Birnbaum, Henrik, 305 Bismarck, Otto von, 324, 325 Bix, Herbert P., 16, 21 Black Plague, 47, 113, 164 Black Prince, Edward of England, 131 Bloch, Marc, 76n38 Blum, Jerome, 211 Bobangi, 102 Boethius, Manlius, 65 Bohannan, Paul, 114 Bologna, 80 Bolshevik Revolution, 197, 202, 210 Bornu, 109 Borton, Hugh, 21 Botswana, 124 Bourbon family, 242 Bouvines, battle of, 64 Bozeman, Adda, 120 Brady Plan, 329 brahmadeya, 136 Brandenburg, 314, 320 Brazil, 266-68 break-the-system, definition, 257-58 in Argentina, 269, 271 in Nicaragua, 258 Brockman, Rosser H., 176 Bruce and Dorner, 126 Buchanan, James M., 8 Buganda, 92, 101, 102, 109 Bunyoro, 92. 101, 102 Burma, 167, 168 Burundi, 130 bushi, definition, 15 Buthelezi, Mangosuthu, 336-37 Butua, 101, 102 Byzantine Empire, 283, 284, 294
Cairo, 280 Calixtus I, Pope, 64, 315 Cambodia, 168 Cameroon, 102 canal system, in China, 155 Cannon and Griffiths, 79 canoe house, Ibo, 94, 96, 98 Canossa, 315 Cantor, Norman, 80 | |||
Index | ||||
capitulations, 281 Carreras, Albert, 240 Carsten. F. L., 320 Casa da Guine, 225 Casa da India, 225 Casa de Contratación, 225, 227 Casimir III of Poland, 321 Catalonia, 223, 227, 232, 239, 240 Catherine II (the Great) of Russia, 196, 203-4, 213, 216 caudillos, 332 Cavalier Parliament, 64 Chad, 109,130 Chakra, 140 Chanock, Martin, 101, 111, 119 Charles I of England, 84 Charles I of Spain, 225, 232, 239, 241 Charles II of England, 62 Charles IV, Emperor, 321 Charles VII of France, 55 Charles VIII of France, 78 Chen, Fu-mei Chang, 180 Cheung, Steven, 187 Chiang Kai-shek, 169, 187 Chiapas, 250 Chile, 272-75 Chokwe, 92, 94 Chonchól, Jacques, 274 chronic growth, definition, 10 in Chile, 273 in Peru, 262 chronic war, in Middle East, 294 Chu Shi, 173 church, as source of peasant leverage, 49 Cicero, 66 city-state, in Africa, 94, 98 civil disobedience, 84-85 in Japan, 85 Clark, Colin, 97 Clendenning, Philip H., 213 Cleves-Mark, 320 Coase theorem, 8 Cobden treaty, 62 cocoa, 93 cohong, 161 Collor de Mello, Fernando, 268 colonialism, in Africa, 114-18 |
colonialism, continued in India, 141-42 Colosio, Donaldo, 249 comitatus, 45 command growth, definition, 10; in Brazil, 268 in Russia, 2115 communes, in Russia, 214 Concordat of Worms, 64, 314 conditionality, 328 conflict resolution, 7 Confucius, 158, 173, 177 Constance, Lake (Bodensee), 318 Constance, Peace of, 308 Constantinople, 281, 308 contract feudalism, 67, 75, 76n38, 104; in Germany, 314 contracts, 46, 67, 70 in China, 172, 175-77 corporate category, 339 definition, 5 corporate economic interest group, definition, 5 corporate groups. See groups corporate interest groups. See groups corporations, in Africa, 96-97; in Iberia, 228, 239 in Japan, 25 in Middle East, 283 in northwestern Europe, 55, 56 See also guilds corregidores, 261 cortes, in Spain, 223, 231 credit, in Africa, 95-96, 116-17 in China, 181-84 in Germany, 322-24 in Iberia, 232-34 in Japan, 26 in Middle East, 285-86 in Russia, 199-203 Creel, Herlee, 175, 179 Crimean War, 200, 201, 214, 215 Crusade, First, 308 Crusades, 280 Cultural Revolution, 169, 174, 187 culture, in North's theory, 71 | |||
A History of Wealth and Poverty | ||||
Curtin, Philip, 113 customary law, 79
Dahomey, 104 daimyo, 27 definition, 15 courts of, 30 David, Paul, 70 Davis, David L., 16 De la Madrid, Miguel, 249 De Soto, Hernando, 263-65 Decembrist rebellion, 204 Delhi Sultanate, 139, 145 Democracy Wall, 163 demographic theory, in Africa, 97 Deng Xiaoping, 184, 186 Dharmasastras, 143 dialectical reasoning, 66 Díaz, Porfirio, 247 Diehl, Jackson, 274 Dietz and Moore, 264-65 Diggers, 53 discount, in Japan, 27 divine law, 80 Islamic, 286 Domar, Evsey, 112, 210 Doria, Andrea, 309 dragons, 310-12 Drake, George F., 337 Drang Nach Osten, 316, 320, 321 Drucker, Peter, 327 Duchan, Stefan, 321 Dukes, E., 211 durable economic development, defini- tion, 5 in 21st century, 338 in Africa, 105 in Argentina, 270 in Chile, 275 in Germany, 325 in Mexico, 252 in Middle East, 298 in northwestern Europe, 43, 56 in South Africa, 337
East India Company, 97, 137, 141, 330 Eberhard, Wolfram, 161, 179 |
Eberstadt, Nick, 272 economic growth, in Japan, 32 Edo, 33, 37 Edward I of England, 60, 63, 316 Egypt, 92, 104, 110, 116, 124, 288 ancient, 99 Eike von Repgau, 84 ejidos, 249-50 El Salvador, 338 Elbe River, 43, 320 Elizabeth I of England, 72 Elizabeth of Russia, 196, 213 encomenderos, 261 endemic violence, in India, 139 endemic warfare, 68 Enlightenment, 48, 66, 421 entrepreneurship, 92-95 in China, 155-56 in India, 134-35 in Japan, 33 in Peru, 264 in Russia, 192-93 Epstein, Steven, 60, 74 Eritrea, 130 escape, 74 in China, 159 in Germany, 323 in India, 138 in Middle East, 289 in Russia, 210-11 in Spain, 223 Estado Novo, 267 Estates General, in Germany, 314 Estates General of 1302, in France, 51 Estates General of 1789, in France, 51 Ethiopia, 101, 109, 111, 125 European Union, 57, 62, 243, 249 and Iberia, 222 exchange charge, in Japan, 27 Eyster, Patricia, 186
Fairbank, Reischauer and Craig, 18, 162 Familyhood, in Tanzania, 129 Fatimids, 108 Feldbrugge, F.J.M., 211 Feldstein, Martin, 202, 217 feudalism, in Iberia, 226 | |||
Index | ||||
feudalism, continued in India, 136-37 in northwestern Europe, 43, 48 in Russia, 210-11 Feuillants, 48 Findley, Carter B., 289 Finland, 52 Florence, 306 Food and Agriculture Organization, 125 four dragons, 310-12 Fourierist ideas, in Iberia, 229 Fouta Djallon, 110 Franco, Francisco, 229, 233, 234, 240 Frankel, Francine R., 149-50 Frederick I, Emperor, 64 Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia, 196, 314, 321 Free Economic Society, in Russia, 204, 213 free market, 75 free market in institutions, 50, 61, 87 definition, 7 in China, 172, 176 in India, 148 in Japan, 31 in northwestern Europe, 52 in Peru, 264 in 21st century, 339 French Revolution, 48, 51, 65, 67, 83, 200 Friedman, Milton, 184, 186 fueros, 223 Fuggers, 239 Fujimori, Alberto, 265 Fujiwara family, 14 Fukuyama, Francis, 327, 331 Fulani, 92, 95, 100, 109, 288 futures, in Japan, 28 futuwwa, 284
Galicia, 237 Galla, 109 Gambia, 124 game theory, 9 Gandhi, Indira, 140 Gandhi, Rajiv, 140, 151 Garcia II of Kongo, 100 |
Gargan, Edward A., 186 GATT, 62 gauchos, 269 Gaza strip, 297 Geiger, Theodore, 155 Gempei war, 30 Genghis Khan, 195 Genicot, Leopold, 45 Genoa, 306 Genroku age, 33 German Peasants' War of 1524-26, 337 Germany, 314-25 Ghana, 91-92, 93, 101 Ghazan Khan, Mahmud, 288-89 Ghaznavid conquest, 139 Ghibellines, 307 Ghurids, 139 Ghurkas, 140 gilds. See guilds Gillis et al., 92 Giscard d'Estang, Valéry, 52 Gluckman, Max, 131 Golden Temple, 140 Goldman, Merle, 163 Gondar Empire, 109 Goodell, Grace E., 45, 211, 264 Goodell thesis, defined, 74 in India, 138-39 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 205, 216-18 Gracchus, Tiberius, 274 Granada, 230 Gratian, Magister, 84 Gray, Richard, 100 Great Contract of 1610, 62 Great Cultural Revolution, 169, 174, 187 Great Leap Forward, 187 Great Northern War, 306 Great Yasa law code, 178 Gregorian reformation, 64 Gregory VII, Pope, 64, 83, 308, 315 gremios, 229 Grossberg, Kenneth A., 30 groups, 68 in China, 160 in Germany, 318-19 in Iberia, 228, 242 | |||
A History of Wealth and Poverty | ||||
groups, continued in Italian city-states, 308 in Middle East, 284 in Russia, 203-6 in 21st century, 334, 339 Guatemala, 252-54 Guelfs, 307 guilds, 86 in Africa, 96-97 in China, 157, 160, 161, 172, 176 in Germany, 318, 319, 321, 324 in Iberia, 228, 239 in India, 134, 143 in Italian city-states, 307 in Japan, 26, 35 in Middle East, 283 in northwestern Europe, 44, 51, 56, 57, 65, 74 in Novgorod, 305 in Russia, 203 Gulhane Decree, 289 Guzerat, 138
Hagen, Everett, 92 Haile-Mariam, Mengistu, 125-26 Hall, John W., 2 Hampden, John, 84 Hanley, Susan B., 32 Hanley and Yamamura, 32 Hanseatic League, 56, 61, 194, 305, 306, 314, 318, 320, 321, 322 Hara Kei, 39 Harappa, 134 Hardenberg, Karl von, 325 Harms, Robert W., 94, 95 Harootunian, Harry, 20 Harrison, Joseph, 239 Hasan, 109 Hausa, 98, 109, 304 hawala, 285 Hebrew theology, 81 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 66 Henderson, Dan Fenno, 174 Henry I of England, 64, 80 |
Henry II of England, 54, 66, 78, 80, 84 Henry II of France, 55 Henry III of England, 63 Henry IV, Emperor, 83, 308, 315 Henry IV of England, 81-82 Henry IV of France, 65 Henry V, Emperor, 64, 315 Henry V of England, 66, 82 Herodotus, 91 Herry from the Cape, 100 Hickock and Gray, 127 Hidetada, 28 Hideyoshi, 15, 26, 36 hierarchy, in China, 177 Hill, Polly, 93 Hilton, Rodney H, 161 Hirschman, Albert, 274 Hirschmeier, Johannes, 32 Hogue, Arthur H., 45 Hojo family, 14, 82 Holy Roman Emperor, 303, 314 and Italian city-states, 306 Holy Roman Empire, 315 Hong Kong, 303 honjo, 35 honke, 13 Hopkins, A. G., 101, 113 Horton, Robin, 101 Houphouët-Boigny, Félix, 275 Hsiao, Duke of Qin, 174 Hsiao and Hsiao, 311 Hsiung-nu, 166 Humanism, in Zambia, 129 Humbert of Silva Candida, Cardinal, 84 Hundred Flowers' speech, 163 Hundred Years' War, 47, 55, 319 Hunter, John M., 93 Hussein, Saddam, 294, 296 Hutu, 101, 130
Ibañez, Carlos, 274 Ibn Battuta, 138 Ibo, 95, 96 Idris Aloma of Bornu, 100, 109, 111 Ietsuna, 28 ijma', 287 ijtihad, 286 | |||
Index | ||||
ikki, 21, 30, 35, 45, 86 compared to China, 161 definition, 16 Il-Khan, 288-89 Imaz, José Luís, 271 Inca, 261 Indonesia, 310 Industrial Revolution, 48, 156 industry, in Africa, 126 in Iberia, 238-41 Inquisition, in Iberia, 231 institution, 1, 3, 7 definition, 6 Institutional Revolutionary Party, 246, 249, 251 institutions, aborted in Africa, 95 in Africa, 98 in Japan, 25-31 in northwestern Europe, 56 North's theory, 70-73 See also free market in institutions interest group, definition, 5 See also groups interlocking society, definition, 8 in Brazil, 268 in Italian city-states, 310 in Lebanon, 299 in Nicaragua, 258 in Russia, 192 International Monetary Fund, 326, 327- 30 and Argentina, 271-72 and Russia, 206, 218, 220 intifada, 298 intransigence, in Argentine Radical party, 269 investiture controversies, 46, 64 Iran, 288, 296 Iran-Contra hearings, 79 Irigoyen, Hipólito, 269 Irish tithe war, 53 Israel, 296-98 Italian city-states, 306-10 Ivan IV of Russia, 193, 211, 212, 306 Ivory Coast, 275 Iyasu I of Ethiopia, 100 |
Jacobin club, 48 Jacobite rebellions, 53 Jacobs, Norman, 18, 34 Jacquerie, 337 James I of England, 84 janissaries, 282, 289, 295 Japan, 13-41, 310 Japan Inc., 37 Japanese terms, glossary, 22 Java, 168 Jenne, 109 Jericho, 297 jihad, 110, 294 jishu, 13 jito, 15, 19 Joei formulary, 82 John, King of England, 54 John of Cappadocia, 288 John of Salisbury, 66, 78 Jones, E. L., 32, 54 Juarez, Benito, 247 Juchen, 167 Junkers, 324 definition, 316 Justinian, Emperor, 80, 288
kabu, 26 kabu-shiki, 26 kabunakama, 26 Kakongo, 100 Kalenjin, 93, 109 Kano, 109 Kanuri Empire, 102 Karle, Guillaume, 49 Kaser, M.C., 203 Kashmir, 140 Katsina, 109 Kaunda, Kenneth, 129 Kemmu shikimoku, 30 Kennedy, Paul, 188 Kenya, 93, 129, 138 Kerensky, Alexandr, 205 Ket's rebellion of 1549, 53 Kharijite movement, 108 Khaljis, 139 Khandesh, 138 Khitan, 167 | |||
A History of Wealth and Poverty | ||||
Khrushchev, Nikita, 216 Khurshid, Salman, 145 kibbutzim, 298 Kievan Russia, 210 Kikuyu, 109 Kindleberger, Charles P., 233 Klebnikov, Paul, 216 Kliuchevsky, V., 112 Knights Templars, 54 kokujin, 16 Kongo, 92, 101, 102, 109, 111 Koran, 285, 286 Korea, 166 Kreise, 318, 323 Krobo, 93 kula, 143 Kumar, Dharma, 135, 138 kumiai, 26 Kurds, 296 Kushan, 145 Kwararafa, 109 Kyoto, 33 Kyungu dynasty, 101
labor, in China, 159-60, 184-86 labor unions. See unions Lambton, Ann K. S., 295 land, 80 free market in, 50 in Africa, 93, 114 in Chile, 273 in China, 159-60, 176 in Germany, 316, 320 in Guatemala, 252, 254-55 in Iberia, 226 in India, 135, 137-38, 141, 149-50 in Iran, 290 in Japan, 14 in Israel, 297 in Middle East, 282-83 in Ottoman Empire, 290 in Peru, 262-63 in Russia, 210-11 in Spain, 242 scarcity of, 73 Laroui, Abdallah, 102 |
law, 78-88 in Africa, 118-21 in China, 172-81 in Germany, 321-22 in Iberia, 230-32 in India, 142 in Israel, 297 in Japan, 29 in Middle East, 286-87 in northwestern Europe, 63 in Russia, 193-99 Lawrence, John A., 194 Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel, 10 League of the Rhine, 318 Lebanon, 298-99 Legalist School, in China, 174 Lenin (Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov), 216 Levellers, 51, 53 leverage, 68-69 definition, 6 in Africa, 104, 127 in Brazil, 266 in China, 162-64 in Germany, 315-17, 319, 322 in Iberia, 222-24 in Italian city-states, 307-9 in Japan, 15-18, 35 in Middle East, 281, 284, 295 in Nicaragua, 258 in northwestern Europe, 48-52 in Novgorod, 305 in Peru, 261 in Russia, 203, 211, 213 in South Africa, 338 in 21st century, 336, 339 liberalism, in Japan, 34-38 Liberia, 130 Libya, 130 Lilburne, John, 84 Limpopo river, 102 literacy, in Africa, 98 in Iran, 290 Livonian War, 212 Loango, 92, 94, 95, 100, 101, 102 Lombard League, 307, 308 longue durée, 10 | |||
Index | ||||
Louis of Hungary, 321 Louis VI of France, 49 Louis XI of France, 78 Louis XIII of France, 83, 85 Louis XIV of France, 49, 65, 83, 85 Loyang, 155 Lozi, 101, 120 Luba, 92-93, 102, 105 Lübeck, 320, 323 Ludden, David, 138 Lunda, 92-93, 101, 102, 110, 111 Lusignan, Hughes de, 53
Machiavelli, 307 Madagascar, 110 Maghrib, 101, 102, 108 Magna Carta, 60 Magyar invasions, 61 Mahmud II, 289 Maitland, Frederic, 64, 78 makhtabi, 296 Malawi, 101, 110, 111, 119, 126 Malaysia, 310 Mali, 92, 101 Malthus, Thomas R., 3 Mambwe, 99 Mamluks, in Egypt, 95 Manchuria, 169 Mandara, 109 Mandela, Nelson, 336-37 Manizales, Colombia, 337 manufacturing, in Japan, 33 Mao Zedong, 169, 178, 186 Marathan rebellions, 139 Marcos, Subcomandante, 251 Maria Theresa of Austria, 314 Marks and Gray, 101 Masai, 109 Mass, Jeffrey P., 2 Matapa, 111 Mauritius, 124 Maximilian I, Emperor, 317 Maynard, John, 84 Mazarin, Jules, 225 McClelland, David, 92 McIntyre, Robert, 218 McKee, Margaret, 215 |
McKinnon, Donald I., 217 Medici family, 307, 309 Mehmed II, 281 Meiji Restoration, 18, 26, 31, 37 Mensah-Brown, A.K., 120, 145 mercantilism, 228 Merchant Adventurers, 61 Mesta, 225, 238 Metternich, Fürst von, 324 Mexico, 246-52 mfecane, 110 Middle East, definition, 279 Milan, 306 Mill, John Stuart, 3 millets, 282 Minamoto family, 14 Minamoto Yoritomo, 14, 82 ministeriales, 325 mir, 214 miras, 137 Mito fief, 17 Mitsui Hachiroemon, 28 Miyazaki, Ichisada, 179 Mabogunje, Akin, 96, 100 Mobutu Sese Seko, 4, 128 Mohammed Ali, 101, 110 Mohammed Reza Shah, 290-91 Mohenjo-dara, 134 Mombasa, 109 monasteries, Buddhist in China, 181 in China, 155 in Japan, 17 money, in Africa, 95-96, 116-17 in China, 181-84 in Germany, 322-24 in Iberia, 232-34 in India, 145-47 in Japan, 26 in Middle East, 285-86 in northwestern Europe, 56 in Russia, 199-203 moneylenders, in Africa, 117 Mongols, in Russia, 195, 203, 210 Montezuma (Moctezuma), 246 Montoneros, 271 Morocco, 110, 111, 130 Morris and Read, 145 | |||
A History of Wealth and Poverty | ||||
Mossi states, 100 most favored nation, 61 Mousnier, Roland, 51 Mozambique, 92, 94, 102, 130 Mughal emperor, 137 Mughal Empire, 139, 141, 145 Muhammed, 280 Muromachi shogunate, 30, 36 Muscovy, 304. 305, 311 mwata yamvo, 110 Mwene Matapa, 92, 102, 109
Nadal, Jordi, 240 NAFTA, 250 Nagasaki, 33 Najita, Tetsuo, 19 nakama, 26 Nam Viet, 167 Namibia, 130 Nanking, 158 Nantes, Edict of, 65 Napoleon Bonaparte, 325 Napoleonic code, 87 Napoleonic wars, 204, 214, 242 Narodnaia Volia, 197 Narodniki, 204 Nasr al-Din, 109 natural law, 80, 88 Ndongo, 111 Neale, Walter C., 142 Necton, 49 New Economic Policy (NEP), in Soviet Union, 205 Newman, Katherine S., 131 Ngonde, 101 Ngoyo, 100 Nguni, 101, 109 Nicaragua, 254-59 Nicholas I of Russia, 214 Nigeria, 94, 96, 101, 109, 304 Nitikinsky, 203 Nixon, Richard, 79 Nobunaga, 15, 26, 36 Norman conquest, 83 Normandy, 51, 66, 82 North, Douglass, 9, 42, 45, 70-73, 112 |
North American Free Trade Agreement, 250 North and Thomas, 42, 45 Novgorod, 194, 203, 304-306, 311, 320 Nupe, 96 Nyamwezi, 93 Nyerere, Julius, 126, 129 Nzinga, Queen of Matamba, 100
Ohkawa and Rosovsky, 32 Old Believers, 212 Olivares, Conde Duque de, 225, 241 Olson, Mancur, 47 Oman, 93 onaka, 26 Onin war, 15 Opium war, 168 Oprichnina, 211-12 Orange, Prince of, 52 Ordenaçoes Manuelinas, 231 organization, definition, 6 Ortega, Daniel, 258 Osaka, 27, 28, 32, 33, 37 Ottoman Empire, 282-83, 284, 295 ouvidores, 231 Ovid, 66 Ovimbundu, 130 Oyo, 104, 109
Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza Shah, 290-91 Palestine, 110 Palestine Liberation Organization, 297, 298 panchayat raj, 151 parastatals, in Africa, 126 parliament, in Japan, 18, 38-39 parti des politiques, 65 Partido de Acción Nacional, 248 Partido Revolucionario Institucional. See Institutional Revolutionary Party path dependency, 70, 71 in Africa, 112 Patzinov, 203 Paul of Russia, 204, 213 Paz, Octavio, 242, 272 | |||
Index | ||||
Peace of Constance, 308 Peasant's Revolt of 1381, 337 peasant emancipation in Russia, 214 peasant rebellion, in Chiapas, 250 in China, 161, 164-65 in England, 53, 164 in Germany, 318 in Iberia, 229 in northwestern Europe, 53 in Russia, 212 Peasants' War of 1524-26, 318 Pedro IV of Aragon, 229 Penn, William, 84 People's Republic, 169 People's Will, 197, 204 periyanadu, 136 Perlin, Frank, 146 Peru, 261-65 Peter I (the Great) of Russia, 193, 196, 212, 213, 216, 329 Philip II of France, 53-54, 63, 80 Philip II of Spain, 72, 225, 231, 239, 241 Philip IV of France, 54, 55, 232 Philippine central bank, 329 Pinochet, Augusto, 272-73 Plato, 66 PLO. See Palestine Liberation Organiza- tion pluralism, 69 in Africa, 104 in China, 160-62 in Germany, 315, 317 in Italian city-states, 309 in Japan, 26 in Japanese agriculture, 13 in law, 78, 82 in Nicaragua, 257, 258 in northwestern Europe, 44-48 in 21st century, 336 pluralist society, 51 in Iberia, 242 in northwestern Europe, 42 Poland-Lithuania, 305, 311 Policraticus, 66, 78 Poly and Bournazel, 49 Pombal, Marqués de, 225 |
Ponzi-scheme, 232 Popolo, 307 population in Africa, 97, 113 in Europe, 43 positive law, 80 Poujadiste movement, 84 power, 69 as an economic good, 71 definition, 4 in Africa, 99, 114, 119, 124, 127 in Argentina, 270 in Brazil, 266 in China, 156-59, 173-75 in former Soviet states, 330 in Iberia, 224-26, 228, 234 in India, 141, 142 in Mexico, 246, 247 in Middle East, 279, 282-23, 297, 301 in northwestern Europe, 63 in Russia, 192, 200, 206, 211, 216 in 21st century, 339 power-diffusion process and law, 79, 87 contrast with Douglass North, 71-72 definition, 5 in Africa, 98, 102-5 in Argentina, 269 in Brazil, 266 in Chile, 272-73 in China, 173, 186-87 in four dragons, 303, 311 in Germany, 314-17, 319, 321, 324 in Iberia, 237, 241 in Italian city-states, 307, 309 in Japan, 25, 39 in Latin America, 246 in Mexico, 250 In Middle East, 281, 283, 291 in Nicaragua, 256 in northwestern Europe, 42- 44, 54 | |||
A History of Wealth and Poverty | ||||
power-diffusion process, continued in Novgorod, 305 in Peru, 264 in Russia, 220 in small states, 304 in South Africa, 337 in Spain, 222 in 21st century, 334, 336 summary of, 67-69 why started, 73-74 PRI. See Institutional Revolutionary Party Primary Chronicle, 193 Primo de Rivera, Miguel, 240, 243 property, 70 Provisions of Oxford, 62 Ptolemy of Lucca, 78 Punjab, 140 Pyrenees, 43
qadis, 286, 288
Rabin, Matthew, 9 Raeff, Marc, 215 Randall, Laura, 261 Reconquest, 222, 246 Red Eyebrows, 166 reflected economic development definition, 243 in Iberia, 241-44 in Mexico, 250 reflected growth, definition, 10 reform, in Argentina, 272 in Russia, 211-20 in Middle East, 287-91 in 21st century, 327-30 religion, in northwestern Europe, 64 remences, 229 Renaissance, 307 rent seeking, 10 Restoration of 1660, 64 Revolutions of 1848, 67 riba, 285 Ricardo, David, 3 Richard II of England, 165 Richelieu, Cardinal, 85, 225, 241 Richmond, J.C.B., 101 |
Ríos, Juan Antonio, 274 ritsu, 30 Roberts, Paul Craig, 217 Roman Empire, 95 Roman law, 80, 81 Romanov dynasty, 193 Roses, wars of the, 50 Rozvi, 92, 101, 102 rural societies, in Russia, 214 Russkaia Pravda, 193 Rwanda, 101, 130 ryo, 30 ryoke, 13, 18 ryoshu, 13 ryots, 137
Sakharov, Andrei, 217 Salamonio, Mario, 84 Salazar, António de Oliveira, 229, 234, 240 Salinas, Carlos, 249 samurai, 15, 27 Sandinistas, 254-59 Sandino, César Augusto, 255 Saracen invasions, 61 Saud family, 298 Saudi Arabia, 299-300 Savimbi, Jonas, 131 Sayiid dynasty, 139 Sayyid Sa'id, 93, 96 scholastic method, 65, 66 Schumpeter, Joseph, 3, 92 sectioned society, 239 definition, 253 in Guatemala, 253 in Nicaragua, 256 Seikigahara, battle of, 108 Selim, 284 Selim III of Ottoman Empire, 289 Seljuk Turks, 280 Sen-Gupta, Nares Chandra, 143 Sendero Luminoso, 263, 265 Seneca, 66 Senegal, 124 Seven Years' War, 61 Seville, 239 Shai, 93 | |||
Index | ||||
Shaka, king of Zulus, 110 Shang Yang, 157, 162, 174 Shapiro, Barbara, 66 shar'ia, 143, 144, 286 Shen's commentary, 180 Shi'ite, 296 shiki, definition, 13 Shining Path, 263,265, 338 sho, 18 sho-en, 13, 18, 26, 36 law on, 30 shogun, definition, 14 shugo, 19 Shuiskys, 212 Siemens process, 242 Sikhs, 140 Simon de Paris, 49 SINAMOS, 263 Singapore, 303 Sinhalese, 140 Sinkiang, 155 sipahi, 282, 295 slavery, 74, 93-95, 102 in Africa, 112 in China, 184-85 in Middle East, 295 in northwestern Europe, 44, 49 Smith, Adam, 3, 75, 310 Smith, M.G., 5 Smith, T.C., 21 Soga family, 14 Sohio, 109 Sokoto, sultanate of, 92 Somali, 130 Somalia, 124-25, 130 Somoza, Anastasio, 254-59 Songhai, 92, 101, 109 South Korea, 303 Soviet Union, 198-99, 205, 210, 216, 329 Speransky, Mikhail, 197 Spinoza, Benedict de, 85 Spring and Autumn period, 162, 178 Sri Lanka, 140 Stalin, Joseph, 216 state, in Africa, 99 Stein, Burton, 136 |
Stein, Freiherr vom, 325 Stolypin reform, 215-16 Strasburg, 63 structural adjustment, 327-30 in Argentina, 271 structural inflation, 267 Subornoe Ulozhenie, 196 Sudan, 130 Sudebnik, 195 Sufi orders, 288 Suleiman the Magnificent, 284 Sun Yat-sen, 187 sunna, 286 Sunni, 296 survival crisis, in 21st century, 336 Suzdal, 305 Swabian League, 318 Sweden, 52 Syria, 110, 300-301
Tadakuni Mizuno, 37 Tagliacozzo, battle of, 64 Taiho law code, 30 Taika reform, 14 Taikwa imperialists, 18 Taiping, 161 Taiping rebellion, 159, 165, 168, 183, 377 Taisho democracy, 14, 39 Taiwan, 167, 168, 303 Takekoshi, Yosoburo, 2, 28 Tamils, 140 Tanzania, 93, 124, 126, 128, 129, 130 Tanzimat, 289-90, 329 taqlid, 287 Telpancingo, 250 Tempo reforms, 17, 37-38 Teutonic Knights, 304 Thailand, 168, 310 Theodora, 288 Thirty Years' War, 113, 306, 319-20 Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 65, 84, 88 Tiananmen Square, 163, 169, 174, 186, 338 Tibet, 155 Tigre, 130 Timbuktu, 109 | |||
A History of Wealth and Poverty | ||||
Timur Lenk (Tamerlane), 139 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 45 Tokugawa era, 19, 27, 31, 32, 36 Tokugawa Ieyasu, 15, 19, 26, 27, 108 Tokyo, 37 Tolz, Vera, 205 Tonking, 167 tonya, 26 Torodbe, 109 Tortella, Gabriel, 238 Totman, Conrad, 32 towns, 46, 86, 97 in China, 155, 160 in France, 53-54 in Germany, 316, 318, 319, 321 in Japan, 36 in Middle East, 283 in northwestern Europe, 43, 49, 57, 65 tozama daimyo, definition, 33 trade, in Africa, 91-95, 97 in China, 155-56 in Iberia, 227-28 in India, 134-35, 138-39 in Japan, 33 in Russia, 192-93 trade agreements, 61 transaction costs, 70 Tsunayoshi, 28 Tswana, 101 Tuareg, 109 Tubu, 109 Tughlug, 139 Tullock, Gordon, 8 Tun Wai, U, 264 Turkey, 301 Tutsi, 93, 101, 130 Tyler, War, 165 tysyatskiya, 305
Udall, John, 84 Udovitch, Abraham L., 285-86 Ueda, 21 Uganda, 93, 130 Uighurs, 167 Ujamaa, in Tanzania, 129 |
ulama, 282, 283, 289, 290 Umayyad period, 108, 286 Unión Cívica Radical, 269 unions, 47 in four dragons, 311 in Iberia, 229 in Mexico, 249 in Nicaragua, 257 in Russia, 205 universitas, 47 university, 47 Unomah and Webster, 101 Unyamwezi, 93 Urban II, Pope, 64
Valencia, 223, 239, 260 validos, 225 Vargas, Getulio, 267 veche, 305 Vedas, 142, 143 Vendermeersch, Leon, 174 Venice, 306 vertical alliances, 68-69 definition, 6 in Africa, 104-5, 127 in Brazil, 266 in Chile, 273 in Germany, 315, 317, 320 in Iberia, 222-24, 234 in Italian city-states, 307, 308 in Middle East, 281, 283, 284, 295 in Nicaragua, 258 in Novgorod, 305 in Peru, 261 in Russia, 203, 213 in 21st century, 339 vertical communication, definition, 6 vertical contract, definition, 6 in China, 175 vertical negotiation, definition, 6 in Peru, 264 Victoria, Lake, 110 Vietnam, 167 Vijayanagar Empire, 139 Viking invasions, 61 village organizations, in India, 135 | |||
Index | ||||
violence. See war Virgil, 66 Visna, 143 Vizcaya, 242 Vladimir-Suzdal, 304 volost courts, 197
Wade, Robert, 135 wage labor, 46, 74 in China, 184 in Japan, 25, 34 wako, 35 Wang An-shih, 179 Wang Mang, 166 waqf, 283 war, effect of middle class power on, 55 war, in Africa, 108-12, 130-31 in China, 164-69 war, in India, 139-41 in Middle East, 281, 294 warring country, period in Japan, 16 warring states, period in China, 166 Wars of the Roses, 319 Watt steam engine, 242 wayo, 19 Webber and Wildavsky, 62 Welsers, 323 White Lotus rebellion, 168 White Lotus Society, 161, 165 White Revolution in Iran, 290 White Sea, 304 Wigmore, John H., 31 Wigmore and Henderson, 85 Wilks, Ivor, 101 Wilks and Hopkins, 101 William II of England, 64 Williamson, Oliver E., 8 Wilson, James Q., 66 |
World Bank, 327-30 World Trade Organization, 62 World War I, 202 World War II, 216 Worms, Concordat of, 64, 314 Wycliffe, John, 50
Xhosa, 92, 101
Yajnavalkya, 144 Yan Meng, 173, 175 Yang Ti, 155 Yao, 94 Yasuba, Yasukichi, 32 Yellow Turban revolt, 164 Yeltsin, Boris, 205-6, 216, 329 Yoritomo, 14, 82 Yoro law code, 30 Yoruba, 95, 100 Yoshimitsu, 19
za, 26 Zaire, 4, 92, 128, 130 Zaire river, 93, 94, 102, 111 Zamana Mesafent, 110 Zambezi river, 102 Zambia, 111, 119, 124, 125, 128, 129 zamindar, 137, 141 Zanzibar, 93, 96, 101 Zawaya, 109 Zedillo, Ernesto, 249 Zemschina, 211 Zimbabwe, 91, 102 Zollverein, 62, 325 Zulu, 110 Zurich, 52 Zurich revolt of 1489, 53 zuryo, 13 | |||