Index

To save space, items have been omitted from this index if they appear frequently in the text and can be readily found in their expected places. These would include countries of Europe, found in chapters 4 and 5, and the dynasties of China, found in chapters 11 and 12. Items in the appendixes are also omitted, since they can readily be found by the titles to the appendixes.

Abbasid period, 280, 285

Abdulhamid II of Ottoman Empire, 290

aborted institutions, in Africa, 95

absolutism, in Germany, 319-20

accountability, 3, 62, 68, 75, 199

in Brazil, 267

in four dragons, 311

in Germany, 314, 317, 320, 324

in Guatemala, 255-57

in Japan, 39

in Mexico, 247

in Nicaragua, 258

in northwestern Europe, 57

in Peru, 263, 265

Aethelstan, king of England, 83

African National Congress, 336

agriculture, in Africa, 92, 124-26

in China, 156

in Iberia, 237-38

in Japan, 13, 33

Aguirre Cerda, Pedro, 274

Aja, 100

Akwapim, 93

Alawites, 295

Albigensian crusades, 43

Alessandri, Arturo, 274

Alexander, Prince of Novgorod, 304

Alexander I of Russia, 197, 214, 216

Alexander II of Russia, 193, 197, 214, 216

Alexis of Russia, 196

Alfonsín, Raúl, 271

Alfonso IV of Portugal, 231

Algeria, 124, 130, 288

Allende, Salvador, 273, 274

allodial landholders, 63

Almohads, 108, 288

Almoravids, 92, 109, 288

Alpers, Edward A., 101

Alps, 43

alternative power, in Japan, 14

Althusius, Johannes, 84

America's Watch, 271

An Lushan, 158

Angell, Wayne, 217

Angola, 109, 130, 131

Anna of Russia, 196, 216

Annals school of history, 45

Annam, 167

apanages, 63

Aquinas, Saint Thomas, 65, 84, 88

Aquitaine, 66

Aragon, 223, 227

Araucanian Indians, 273

Argentina, 268-72

Aristotle, 66, 280

Arthur, W. Brian, 70

Asakawa, Kanichi, 2, 18

Asante, 101

Aspe, Pedro, 250

Assad, Hafiz al-, 295

Assam, 140

Assassins, 288

Ataturk, Kemal, 301

Augsburg, 63

Augsburg, Peace of, 314

Aulic Council, 322

Austria, 324

Avellaneda, Nicolás, 269

Aylwin, Patricio, 273-4

Ayodha, 140

Azo Soldanus, 47, 84

azukari dokoro, 13, 18

Azzone Soldanus. See Azo

Baghdad, 280, 296

Bagirmi, 109

Bahmani kingdom, 139

Baklanoff, Eric N., 240

- -


A History of Wealth and Poverty

bakufu, definition, 16

balance of power, 1, 5, 8, 72, 79, 85, 319

in Africa, 104

in Iberia, 227, 241

in India, 147

in Italian city-states, 308, 309

in Japan, 31, 37

in Mexico, 252

in Middle East, 288

in northwestern Europe, 44, 55-56

in Novgorod, 306

in Russia, 200, 211

Ball, John, 50

balloon analogy, 7, 79, 339-40

Balmaceda, José Manuel, 273-74

Bangladesh, 140

banking, in China, 181-84;

in Germany, 314, 322-24

in Iberia, 232-34

in Italian city-states, 306

in Japan, 26

in Middle East, 285-86

in Russia, 199-203

Bantu, 93

Barcelona, 242

Basque country, 228, 232

Bauernschutz, 320

Bayezid, 284

Beaumanoir, Philippe de Remi, 84

Beauvais, 54

Becket, Thomas, 64, 66, 84

behetría, 226-27

Belskys, 212

Bengal, 138, 140

Benguela, 94

Benin, 104, 111

Berbers, 92

Bergier, Jean-François, 323

Berman, Harold, 79, 161, 194, 198, 215

Bessemer process, 242

Biafra, 94, 130

Bihar, 140

Bilbao, 239

bills of exchange, in Japan, 28

in Africa, 95

Birmingham, David, 95, 101, 105

Birnbaum, Henrik, 305

Bismarck, Otto von, 324, 325

Bix, Herbert P., 16, 21

Black Plague, 47, 113, 164

Black Prince, Edward of England, 131

Bloch, Marc, 76n38

Blum, Jerome, 211

Bobangi, 102

Boethius, Manlius, 65

Bohannan, Paul, 114

Bologna, 80

Bolshevik Revolution, 197, 202, 210

Bornu, 109

Borton, Hugh, 21

Botswana, 124

Bourbon family, 242

Bouvines, battle of, 64

Bozeman, Adda, 120

Brady Plan, 329

brahmadeya, 136

Brandenburg, 314, 320

Brazil, 266-68

break-the-system, definition, 257-58

in Argentina, 269, 271

in Nicaragua, 258

Brockman, Rosser H., 176

Bruce and Dorner, 126

Buchanan, James M., 8

Buganda, 92, 101, 102, 109

Bunyoro, 92. 101, 102

Burma, 167, 168

Burundi, 130

bushi, definition, 15

Buthelezi, Mangosuthu, 336-37

Butua, 101, 102

Byzantine Empire, 283, 284, 294

Cairo, 280

Calixtus I, Pope, 64, 315

Cambodia, 168

Cameroon, 102

canal system, in China, 155

Cannon and Griffiths, 79

canoe house, Ibo, 94, 96, 98

Canossa, 315

Cantor, Norman, 80


Index

capitulations, 281

Carreras, Albert, 240

Carsten. F. L., 320

Casa da Guine, 225

Casa da India, 225

Casa de Contratación, 225, 227

Casimir III of Poland, 321

Catalonia, 223, 227, 232, 239, 240

Catherine II (the Great) of Russia, 196, 203-4, 213, 216

caudillos, 332

Cavalier Parliament, 64

Chad, 109,130

Chakra, 140

Chanock, Martin, 101, 111, 119

Charles I of England, 84

Charles I of Spain, 225, 232, 239, 241

Charles II of England, 62

Charles IV, Emperor, 321

Charles VII of France, 55

Charles VIII of France, 78

Chen, Fu-mei Chang, 180

Cheung, Steven, 187

Chiang Kai-shek, 169, 187

Chiapas, 250

Chile, 272-75

Chokwe, 92, 94

Chonchól, Jacques, 274

chronic growth, definition, 10

in Chile, 273

in Peru, 262

chronic war, in Middle East, 294

Chu Shi, 173

church, as source of peasant leverage, 49

Cicero, 66

city-state, in Africa, 94, 98

civil disobedience, 84-85

in Japan, 85

Clark, Colin, 97

Clendenning, Philip H., 213

Cleves-Mark, 320

Coase theorem, 8

Cobden treaty, 62

cocoa, 93

cohong, 161

Collor de Mello, Fernando, 268

colonialism, in Africa, 114-18

colonialism, continued

in India, 141-42

Colosio, Donaldo, 249

comitatus, 45

command growth, definition, 10;

in Brazil, 268

in Russia, 2115

communes, in Russia, 214

Concordat of Worms, 64, 314

conditionality, 328

conflict resolution, 7

Confucius, 158, 173, 177

Constance, Lake (Bodensee), 318

Constance, Peace of, 308

Constantinople, 281, 308

contract feudalism, 67, 75, 76n38, 104;

in Germany, 314

contracts, 46, 67, 70

in China, 172, 175-77

corporate category, 339

definition, 5

corporate economic interest group, definition, 5

corporate groups. See groups

corporate interest groups. See groups

corporations, in Africa, 96-97;

in Iberia, 228, 239

in Japan, 25

in Middle East, 283

in northwestern Europe, 55, 56

See also guilds

corregidores, 261

cortes, in Spain, 223, 231

credit, in Africa, 95-96, 116-17

in China, 181-84

in Germany, 322-24

in Iberia, 232-34

in Japan, 26

in Middle East, 285-86

in Russia, 199-203

Creel, Herlee, 175, 179

Crimean War, 200, 201, 214, 215

Crusade, First, 308

Crusades, 280

Cultural Revolution, 169, 174, 187

culture, in North's theory, 71


A History of Wealth and Poverty

Curtin, Philip, 113

customary law, 79

Dahomey, 104

daimyo, 27

definition, 15

courts of, 30

David, Paul, 70

Davis, David L., 16

De la Madrid, Miguel, 249

De Soto, Hernando, 263-65

Decembrist rebellion, 204

Delhi Sultanate, 139, 145

Democracy Wall, 163

demographic theory, in Africa, 97

Deng Xiaoping, 184, 186

Dharmasastras, 143

dialectical reasoning, 66

Díaz, Porfirio, 247

Diehl, Jackson, 274

Dietz and Moore, 264-65

Diggers, 53

discount, in Japan, 27

divine law, 80

Islamic, 286

Domar, Evsey, 112, 210

Doria, Andrea, 309

dragons, 310-12

Drake, George F., 337

Drang Nach Osten, 316, 320, 321

Drucker, Peter, 327

Duchan, Stefan, 321

Dukes, E., 211

durable economic development, defini- tion, 5

in 21st century, 338

in Africa, 105

in Argentina, 270

in Chile, 275

in Germany, 325

in Mexico, 252

in Middle East, 298

in northwestern Europe, 43, 56

in South Africa, 337

East India Company, 97, 137, 141, 330

Eberhard, Wolfram, 161, 179

Eberstadt, Nick, 272

economic growth, in Japan, 32

Edo, 33, 37

Edward I of England, 60, 63, 316

Egypt, 92, 104, 110, 116, 124, 288

ancient, 99

Eike von Repgau, 84

ejidos, 249-50

El Salvador, 338

Elbe River, 43, 320

Elizabeth I of England, 72

Elizabeth of Russia, 196, 213

encomenderos, 261

endemic violence, in India, 139

endemic warfare, 68

Enlightenment, 48, 66, 421

entrepreneurship, 92-95

in China, 155-56

in India, 134-35

in Japan, 33

in Peru, 264

in Russia, 192-93

Epstein, Steven, 60, 74

Eritrea, 130

escape, 74

in China, 159

in Germany, 323

in India, 138

in Middle East, 289

in Russia, 210-11

in Spain, 223

Estado Novo, 267

Estates General, in Germany, 314

Estates General of 1302, in France, 51

Estates General of 1789, in France, 51

Ethiopia, 101, 109, 111, 125

European Union, 57, 62, 243, 249

and Iberia, 222

exchange charge, in Japan, 27

Eyster, Patricia, 186

Fairbank, Reischauer and Craig, 18, 162

Familyhood, in Tanzania, 129

Fatimids, 108

Feldbrugge, F.J.M., 211

Feldstein, Martin, 202, 217

feudalism, in Iberia, 226


Index

feudalism, continued

in India, 136-37

in northwestern Europe, 43, 48

in Russia, 210-11

Feuillants, 48

Findley, Carter B., 289

Finland, 52

Florence, 306

Food and Agriculture Organization, 125

four dragons, 310-12

Fourierist ideas, in Iberia, 229

Fouta Djallon, 110

Franco, Francisco, 229, 233, 234, 240

Frankel, Francine R., 149-50

Frederick I, Emperor, 64

Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia, 196, 314, 321

Free Economic Society, in Russia, 204, 213

free market, 75

free market in institutions, 50, 61, 87

definition, 7

in China, 172, 176

in India, 148

in Japan, 31

in northwestern Europe, 52

in Peru, 264

in 21st century, 339

French Revolution, 48, 51, 65, 67, 83, 200

Friedman, Milton, 184, 186

fueros, 223

Fuggers, 239

Fujimori, Alberto, 265

Fujiwara family, 14

Fukuyama, Francis, 327, 331

Fulani, 92, 95, 100, 109, 288

futures, in Japan, 28

futuwwa, 284

Galicia, 237

Galla, 109

Gambia, 124

game theory, 9

Gandhi, Indira, 140

Gandhi, Rajiv, 140, 151

Garcia II of Kongo, 100

Gargan, Edward A., 186

GATT, 62

gauchos, 269

Gaza strip, 297

Geiger, Theodore, 155

Gempei war, 30

Genghis Khan, 195

Genicot, Leopold, 45

Genoa, 306

Genroku age, 33

German Peasants' War of 1524-26, 337

Germany, 314-25

Ghana, 91-92, 93, 101

Ghazan Khan, Mahmud, 288-89

Ghaznavid conquest, 139

Ghibellines, 307

Ghurids, 139

Ghurkas, 140

gilds. See guilds

Gillis et al., 92

Giscard d'Estang, Valéry, 52

Gluckman, Max, 131

Golden Temple, 140

Goldman, Merle, 163

Gondar Empire, 109

Goodell, Grace E., 45, 211, 264

Goodell thesis, defined, 74

in India, 138-39

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 205, 216-18

Gracchus, Tiberius, 274

Granada, 230

Gratian, Magister, 84

Gray, Richard, 100

Great Contract of 1610, 62

Great Cultural Revolution, 169, 174, 187

Great Leap Forward, 187

Great Northern War, 306

Great Yasa law code, 178

Gregorian reformation, 64

Gregory VII, Pope, 64, 83, 308, 315

gremios, 229

Grossberg, Kenneth A., 30

groups, 68

in China, 160

in Germany, 318-19

in Iberia, 228, 242


A History of Wealth and Poverty

groups, continued

in Italian city-states, 308

in Middle East, 284

in Russia, 203-6

in 21st century, 334, 339

Guatemala, 252-54

Guelfs, 307

guilds, 86

in Africa, 96-97

in China, 157, 160, 161, 172, 176

in Germany, 318, 319, 321, 324

in Iberia, 228, 239

in India, 134, 143

in Italian city-states, 307

in Japan, 26, 35

in Middle East, 283

in northwestern Europe, 44, 51, 56, 57, 65, 74

in Novgorod, 305

in Russia, 203

Gulhane Decree, 289

Guzerat, 138

Hagen, Everett, 92

Haile-Mariam, Mengistu, 125-26

Hall, John W., 2

Hampden, John, 84

Hanley, Susan B., 32

Hanley and Yamamura, 32

Hanseatic League, 56, 61, 194, 305, 306, 314, 318, 320, 321, 322

Hara Kei, 39

Harappa, 134

Hardenberg, Karl von, 325

Harms, Robert W., 94, 95

Harootunian, Harry, 20

Harrison, Joseph, 239

Hasan, 109

Hausa, 98, 109, 304

hawala, 285

Hebrew theology, 81

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 66

Henderson, Dan Fenno, 174

Henry I of England, 64, 80

Henry II of England, 54, 66, 78, 80, 84

Henry II of France, 55

Henry III of England, 63

Henry IV, Emperor, 83, 308, 315

Henry IV of England, 81-82

Henry IV of France, 65

Henry V, Emperor, 64, 315

Henry V of England, 66, 82

Herodotus, 91

Herry from the Cape, 100

Hickock and Gray, 127

Hidetada, 28

Hideyoshi, 15, 26, 36

hierarchy, in China, 177

Hill, Polly, 93

Hilton, Rodney H, 161

Hirschman, Albert, 274

Hirschmeier, Johannes, 32

Hogue, Arthur H., 45

Hojo family, 14, 82

Holy Roman Emperor, 303, 314

and Italian city-states, 306

Holy Roman Empire, 315

Hong Kong, 303

honjo, 35

honke, 13

Hopkins, A. G., 101, 113

Horton, Robin, 101

Houphouët-Boigny, Félix, 275

Hsiao, Duke of Qin, 174

Hsiao and Hsiao, 311

Hsiung-nu, 166

Humanism, in Zambia, 129

Humbert of Silva Candida, Cardinal, 84

Hundred Flowers' speech, 163

Hundred Years' War, 47, 55, 319

Hunter, John M., 93

Hussein, Saddam, 294, 296

Hutu, 101, 130

Ibañez, Carlos, 274

Ibn Battuta, 138

Ibo, 95, 96

Idris Aloma of Bornu, 100, 109, 111

Ietsuna, 28

ijma', 287

ijtihad, 286


Index

ikki, 21, 30, 35, 45, 86

compared to China, 161

definition, 16

Il-Khan, 288-89

Imaz, José Luís, 271

Inca, 261

Indonesia, 310

Industrial Revolution, 48, 156

industry, in Africa, 126

in Iberia, 238-41

Inquisition, in Iberia, 231

institution, 1, 3, 7

definition, 6

Institutional Revolutionary Party, 246, 249, 251

institutions, aborted in Africa, 95

in Africa, 98

in Japan, 25-31

in northwestern Europe, 56

North's theory, 70-73

See also free market in institutions

interest group, definition, 5

See also groups

interlocking society, definition, 8

in Brazil, 268

in Italian city-states, 310

in Lebanon, 299

in Nicaragua, 258

in Russia, 192

International Monetary Fund, 326, 327- 30

and Argentina, 271-72

and Russia, 206, 218, 220

intifada, 298

intransigence, in Argentine Radical party, 269

investiture controversies, 46, 64

Iran, 288, 296

Iran-Contra hearings, 79

Irigoyen, Hipólito, 269

Irish tithe war, 53

Israel, 296-98

Italian city-states, 306-10

Ivan IV of Russia, 193, 211, 212, 306

Ivory Coast, 275

Iyasu I of Ethiopia, 100

Jacobin club, 48

Jacobite rebellions, 53

Jacobs, Norman, 18, 34

Jacquerie, 337

James I of England, 84

janissaries, 282, 289, 295

Japan, 13-41, 310

Japan Inc., 37

Japanese terms, glossary, 22

Java, 168

Jenne, 109

Jericho, 297

jihad, 110, 294

jishu, 13

jito, 15, 19

Joei formulary, 82

John, King of England, 54

John of Cappadocia, 288

John of Salisbury, 66, 78

Jones, E. L., 32, 54

Juarez, Benito, 247

Juchen, 167

Junkers, 324

definition, 316

Justinian, Emperor, 80, 288

kabu, 26

kabu-shiki, 26

kabunakama, 26

Kakongo, 100

Kalenjin, 93, 109

Kano, 109

Kanuri Empire, 102

Karle, Guillaume, 49

Kaser, M.C., 203

Kashmir, 140

Katsina, 109

Kaunda, Kenneth, 129

Kemmu shikimoku, 30

Kennedy, Paul, 188

Kenya, 93, 129, 138

Kerensky, Alexandr, 205

Ket's rebellion of 1549, 53

Kharijite movement, 108

Khaljis, 139

Khandesh, 138

Khitan, 167


A History of Wealth and Poverty

Khrushchev, Nikita, 216

Khurshid, Salman, 145

kibbutzim, 298

Kievan Russia, 210

Kikuyu, 109

Kindleberger, Charles P., 233

Klebnikov, Paul, 216

Kliuchevsky, V., 112

Knights Templars, 54

kokujin, 16

Kongo, 92, 101, 102, 109, 111

Koran, 285, 286

Korea, 166

Kreise, 318, 323

Krobo, 93

kula, 143

Kumar, Dharma, 135, 138

kumiai, 26

Kurds, 296

Kushan, 145

Kwararafa, 109

Kyoto, 33

Kyungu dynasty, 101

labor, in China, 159-60, 184-86

labor unions. See unions

Lambton, Ann K. S., 295

land, 80

free market in, 50

in Africa, 93, 114

in Chile, 273

in China, 159-60, 176

in Germany, 316, 320

in Guatemala, 252, 254-55

in Iberia, 226

in India, 135, 137-38, 141, 149-50

in Iran, 290

in Japan, 14

in Israel, 297

in Middle East, 282-83

in Ottoman Empire, 290

in Peru, 262-63

in Russia, 210-11

in Spain, 242

scarcity of, 73

Laroui, Abdallah, 102

law, 78-88

in Africa, 118-21

in China, 172-81

in Germany, 321-22

in Iberia, 230-32

in India, 142

in Israel, 297

in Japan, 29

in Middle East, 286-87

in northwestern Europe, 63

in Russia, 193-99

Lawrence, John A., 194

Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel, 10

League of the Rhine, 318

Lebanon, 298-99

Legalist School, in China, 174

Lenin (Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov), 216

Levellers, 51, 53

leverage, 68-69

definition, 6

in Africa, 104, 127

in Brazil, 266

in China, 162-64

in Germany, 315-17, 319, 322

in Iberia, 222-24

in Italian city-states, 307-9

in Japan, 15-18, 35

in Middle East, 281, 284, 295

in Nicaragua, 258

in northwestern Europe, 48-52

in Novgorod, 305

in Peru, 261

in Russia, 203, 211, 213

in South Africa, 338

in 21st century, 336, 339

liberalism, in Japan, 34-38

Liberia, 130

Libya, 130

Lilburne, John, 84

Limpopo river, 102

literacy, in Africa, 98

in Iran, 290

Livonian War, 212

Loango, 92, 94, 95, 100, 101, 102

Lombard League, 307, 308

longue durée, 10


Index

Louis of Hungary, 321

Louis VI of France, 49

Louis XI of France, 78

Louis XIII of France, 83, 85

Louis XIV of France, 49, 65, 83, 85

Loyang, 155

Lozi, 101, 120

Luba, 92-93, 102, 105

Lübeck, 320, 323

Ludden, David, 138

Lunda, 92-93, 101, 102, 110, 111

Lusignan, Hughes de, 53

Machiavelli, 307

Madagascar, 110

Maghrib, 101, 102, 108

Magna Carta, 60

Magyar invasions, 61

Mahmud II, 289

Maitland, Frederic, 64, 78

makhtabi, 296

Malawi, 101, 110, 111, 119, 126

Malaysia, 310

Mali, 92, 101

Malthus, Thomas R., 3

Mambwe, 99

Mamluks, in Egypt, 95

Manchuria, 169

Mandara, 109

Mandela, Nelson, 336-37

Manizales, Colombia, 337

manufacturing, in Japan, 33

Mao Zedong, 169, 178, 186

Marathan rebellions, 139

Marcos, Subcomandante, 251

Maria Theresa of Austria, 314

Marks and Gray, 101

Masai, 109

Mass, Jeffrey P., 2

Matapa, 111

Mauritius, 124

Maximilian I, Emperor, 317

Maynard, John, 84

Mazarin, Jules, 225

McClelland, David, 92

McIntyre, Robert, 218

McKee, Margaret, 215

McKinnon, Donald I., 217

Medici family, 307, 309

Mehmed II, 281

Meiji Restoration, 18, 26, 31, 37

Mensah-Brown, A.K., 120, 145

mercantilism, 228

Merchant Adventurers, 61

Mesta, 225, 238

Metternich, Fürst von, 324

Mexico, 246-52

mfecane, 110

Middle East, definition, 279

Milan, 306

Mill, John Stuart, 3

millets, 282

Minamoto family, 14

Minamoto Yoritomo, 14, 82

ministeriales, 325

mir, 214

miras, 137

Mito fief, 17

Mitsui Hachiroemon, 28

Miyazaki, Ichisada, 179

Mabogunje, Akin, 96, 100

Mobutu Sese Seko, 4, 128

Mohammed Ali, 101, 110

Mohammed Reza Shah, 290-91

Mohenjo-dara, 134

Mombasa, 109

monasteries, Buddhist in China, 181

in China, 155

in Japan, 17

money, in Africa, 95-96, 116-17

in China, 181-84

in Germany, 322-24

in Iberia, 232-34

in India, 145-47

in Japan, 26

in Middle East, 285-86

in northwestern Europe, 56

in Russia, 199-203

moneylenders, in Africa, 117

Mongols, in Russia, 195, 203, 210

Montezuma (Moctezuma), 246

Montoneros, 271

Morocco, 110, 111, 130

Morris and Read, 145


A History of Wealth and Poverty

Mossi states, 100

most favored nation, 61

Mousnier, Roland, 51

Mozambique, 92, 94, 102, 130

Mughal emperor, 137

Mughal Empire, 139, 141, 145

Muhammed, 280

Muromachi shogunate, 30, 36

Muscovy, 304. 305, 311

mwata yamvo, 110

Mwene Matapa, 92, 102, 109

Nadal, Jordi, 240

NAFTA, 250

Nagasaki, 33

Najita, Tetsuo, 19

nakama, 26

Nam Viet, 167

Namibia, 130

Nanking, 158

Nantes, Edict of, 65

Napoleon Bonaparte, 325

Napoleonic code, 87

Napoleonic wars, 204, 214, 242

Narodnaia Volia, 197

Narodniki, 204

Nasr al-Din, 109

natural law, 80, 88

Ndongo, 111

Neale, Walter C., 142

Necton, 49

New Economic Policy (NEP), in Soviet Union, 205

Newman, Katherine S., 131

Ngonde, 101

Ngoyo, 100

Nguni, 101, 109

Nicaragua, 254-59

Nicholas I of Russia, 214

Nigeria, 94, 96, 101, 109, 304

Nitikinsky, 203

Nixon, Richard, 79

Nobunaga, 15, 26, 36

Norman conquest, 83

Normandy, 51, 66, 82

North, Douglass, 9, 42, 45, 70-73, 112

North American Free Trade Agreement, 250

North and Thomas, 42, 45

Novgorod, 194, 203, 304-306, 311, 320

Nupe, 96

Nyamwezi, 93

Nyerere, Julius, 126, 129

Nzinga, Queen of Matamba, 100

Ohkawa and Rosovsky, 32

Old Believers, 212

Olivares, Conde Duque de, 225, 241

Olson, Mancur, 47

Oman, 93

onaka, 26

Onin war, 15

Opium war, 168

Oprichnina, 211-12

Orange, Prince of, 52

Ordenaçoes Manuelinas, 231

organization, definition, 6

Ortega, Daniel, 258

Osaka, 27, 28, 32, 33, 37

Ottoman Empire, 282-83, 284, 295

ouvidores, 231

Ovid, 66

Ovimbundu, 130

Oyo, 104, 109

Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza Shah, 290-91

Palestine, 110

Palestine Liberation Organization, 297, 298

panchayat raj, 151

parastatals, in Africa, 126

parliament, in Japan, 18, 38-39

parti des politiques, 65

Partido de Acción Nacional, 248

Partido Revolucionario Institucional. See Institutional Revolutionary Party

path dependency, 70, 71

in Africa, 112

Patzinov, 203

Paul of Russia, 204, 213

Paz, Octavio, 242, 272


Index

Peace of Constance, 308

Peasant's Revolt of 1381, 337

peasant emancipation in Russia, 214

peasant rebellion, in Chiapas, 250

in China, 161, 164-65

in England, 53, 164

in Germany, 318

in Iberia, 229

in northwestern Europe, 53

in Russia, 212

Peasants' War of 1524-26, 318

Pedro IV of Aragon, 229

Penn, William, 84

People's Republic, 169

People's Will, 197, 204

periyanadu, 136

Perlin, Frank, 146

Peru, 261-65

Peter I (the Great) of Russia, 193, 196, 212, 213, 216, 329

Philip II of France, 53-54, 63, 80

Philip II of Spain, 72, 225, 231, 239, 241

Philip IV of France, 54, 55, 232

Philippine central bank, 329

Pinochet, Augusto, 272-73

Plato, 66

PLO. See Palestine Liberation Organiza- tion

pluralism, 69

in Africa, 104

in China, 160-62

in Germany, 315, 317

in Italian city-states, 309

in Japan, 26

in Japanese agriculture, 13

in law, 78, 82

in Nicaragua, 257, 258

in northwestern Europe, 44-48

in 21st century, 336

pluralist society, 51

in Iberia, 242

in northwestern Europe, 42

Poland-Lithuania, 305, 311

Policraticus, 66, 78

Poly and Bournazel, 49

Pombal, Marqués de, 225

Ponzi-scheme, 232

Popolo, 307

population

in Africa, 97, 113

in Europe, 43

positive law, 80

Poujadiste movement, 84

power, 69

as an economic good, 71

definition, 4

in Africa, 99, 114, 119, 124, 127

in Argentina, 270

in Brazil, 266

in China, 156-59, 173-75

in former Soviet states, 330

in Iberia, 224-26, 228, 234

in India, 141, 142

in Mexico, 246, 247

in Middle East, 279, 282-23, 297, 301

in northwestern Europe, 63

in Russia, 192, 200, 206, 211, 216

in 21st century, 339

power-diffusion process

and law, 79, 87

contrast with Douglass North, 71-72

definition, 5

in Africa, 98, 102-5

in Argentina, 269

in Brazil, 266

in Chile, 272-73

in China, 173, 186-87

in four dragons, 303, 311

in Germany, 314-17, 319, 321, 324

in Iberia, 237, 241

in Italian city-states, 307, 309

in Japan, 25, 39

in Latin America, 246

in Mexico, 250

In Middle East, 281, 283, 291

in Nicaragua, 256

in northwestern Europe, 42- 44, 54


A History of Wealth and Poverty

power-diffusion process, continued

in Novgorod, 305

in Peru, 264

in Russia, 220

in small states, 304

in South Africa, 337

in Spain, 222

in 21st century, 334, 336

summary of, 67-69

why started, 73-74

PRI. See Institutional Revolutionary Party

Primary Chronicle, 193

Primo de Rivera, Miguel, 240, 243

property, 70

Provisions of Oxford, 62

Ptolemy of Lucca, 78

Punjab, 140

Pyrenees, 43

qadis, 286, 288

Rabin, Matthew, 9

Raeff, Marc, 215

Randall, Laura, 261

Reconquest, 222, 246

Red Eyebrows, 166

reflected economic development definition, 243

in Iberia, 241-44

in Mexico, 250

reflected growth, definition, 10

reform, in Argentina, 272

in Russia, 211-20

in Middle East, 287-91

in 21st century, 327-30

religion, in northwestern Europe, 64

remences, 229

Renaissance, 307

rent seeking, 10

Restoration of 1660, 64

Revolutions of 1848, 67

riba, 285

Ricardo, David, 3

Richard II of England, 165

Richelieu, Cardinal, 85, 225, 241

Richmond, J.C.B., 101

Ríos, Juan Antonio, 274

ritsu, 30

Roberts, Paul Craig, 217

Roman Empire, 95

Roman law, 80, 81

Romanov dynasty, 193

Roses, wars of the, 50

Rozvi, 92, 101, 102

rural societies, in Russia, 214

Russkaia Pravda, 193

Rwanda, 101, 130

ryo, 30

ryoke, 13, 18

ryoshu, 13

ryots, 137

Sakharov, Andrei, 217

Salamonio, Mario, 84

Salazar, António de Oliveira, 229, 234, 240

Salinas, Carlos, 249

samurai, 15, 27

Sandinistas, 254-59

Sandino, César Augusto, 255

Saracen invasions, 61

Saud family, 298

Saudi Arabia, 299-300

Savimbi, Jonas, 131

Sayiid dynasty, 139

Sayyid Sa'id, 93, 96

scholastic method, 65, 66

Schumpeter, Joseph, 3, 92

sectioned society, 239

definition, 253

in Guatemala, 253

in Nicaragua, 256

Seikigahara, battle of, 108

Selim, 284

Selim III of Ottoman Empire, 289

Seljuk Turks, 280

Sen-Gupta, Nares Chandra, 143

Sendero Luminoso, 263, 265

Seneca, 66

Senegal, 124

Seven Years' War, 61

Seville, 239

Shai, 93


Index

Shaka, king of Zulus, 110

Shang Yang, 157, 162, 174

Shapiro, Barbara, 66

shar'ia, 143, 144, 286

Shen's commentary, 180

Shi'ite, 296

shiki, definition, 13

Shining Path, 263,265, 338

sho, 18

sho-en, 13, 18, 26, 36

law on, 30

shogun, definition, 14

shugo, 19

Shuiskys, 212

Siemens process, 242

Sikhs, 140

Simon de Paris, 49

SINAMOS, 263

Singapore, 303

Sinhalese, 140

Sinkiang, 155

sipahi, 282, 295

slavery, 74, 93-95, 102

in Africa, 112

in China, 184-85

in Middle East, 295

in northwestern Europe, 44, 49

Smith, Adam, 3, 75, 310

Smith, M.G., 5

Smith, T.C., 21

Soga family, 14

Sohio, 109

Sokoto, sultanate of, 92

Somali, 130

Somalia, 124-25, 130

Somoza, Anastasio, 254-59

Songhai, 92, 101, 109

South Korea, 303

Soviet Union, 198-99, 205, 210, 216, 329

Speransky, Mikhail, 197

Spinoza, Benedict de, 85

Spring and Autumn period, 162, 178

Sri Lanka, 140

Stalin, Joseph, 216

state, in Africa, 99

Stein, Burton, 136

Stein, Freiherr vom, 325

Stolypin reform, 215-16

Strasburg, 63

structural adjustment, 327-30

in Argentina, 271

structural inflation, 267

Subornoe Ulozhenie, 196

Sudan, 130

Sudebnik, 195

Sufi orders, 288

Suleiman the Magnificent, 284

Sun Yat-sen, 187

sunna, 286

Sunni, 296

survival crisis, in 21st century, 336

Suzdal, 305

Swabian League, 318

Sweden, 52

Syria, 110, 300-301

Tadakuni Mizuno, 37

Tagliacozzo, battle of, 64

Taiho law code, 30

Taika reform, 14

Taikwa imperialists, 18

Taiping, 161

Taiping rebellion, 159, 165, 168, 183, 377

Taisho democracy, 14, 39

Taiwan, 167, 168, 303

Takekoshi, Yosoburo, 2, 28

Tamils, 140

Tanzania, 93, 124, 126, 128, 129, 130 Tanzimat, 289-90, 329

taqlid, 287

Telpancingo, 250

Tempo reforms, 17, 37-38

Teutonic Knights, 304

Thailand, 168, 310

Theodora, 288

Thirty Years' War, 113, 306, 319-20

Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 65, 84, 88

Tiananmen Square, 163, 169, 174, 186, 338

Tibet, 155

Tigre, 130

Timbuktu, 109


A History of Wealth and Poverty

Timur Lenk (Tamerlane), 139

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 45

Tokugawa era, 19, 27, 31, 32, 36

Tokugawa Ieyasu, 15, 19, 26, 27, 108

Tokyo, 37

Tolz, Vera, 205

Tonking, 167

tonya, 26

Torodbe, 109

Tortella, Gabriel, 238

Totman, Conrad, 32

towns, 46, 86, 97

in China, 155, 160

in France, 53-54

in Germany, 316, 318, 319, 321

in Japan, 36

in Middle East, 283

in northwestern Europe, 43, 49, 57, 65

tozama daimyo, definition, 33

trade, in Africa, 91-95, 97

in China, 155-56

in Iberia, 227-28

in India, 134-35, 138-39

in Japan, 33

in Russia, 192-93

trade agreements, 61

transaction costs, 70

Tsunayoshi, 28

Tswana, 101

Tuareg, 109

Tubu, 109

Tughlug, 139

Tullock, Gordon, 8

Tun Wai, U, 264

Turkey, 301

Tutsi, 93, 101, 130

Tyler, War, 165

tysyatskiya, 305

Udall, John, 84

Udovitch, Abraham L., 285-86

Ueda, 21

Uganda, 93, 130

Uighurs, 167

Ujamaa, in Tanzania, 129

ulama, 282, 283, 289, 290

Umayyad period, 108, 286

Unión Cívica Radical, 269

unions, 47

in four dragons, 311

in Iberia, 229

in Mexico, 249

in Nicaragua, 257

in Russia, 205

universitas, 47

university, 47

Unomah and Webster, 101

Unyamwezi, 93

Urban II, Pope, 64

Valencia, 223, 239, 260

validos, 225

Vargas, Getulio, 267

veche, 305

Vedas, 142, 143

Vendermeersch, Leon, 174

Venice, 306

vertical alliances, 68-69

definition, 6

in Africa, 104-5, 127

in Brazil, 266

in Chile, 273

in Germany, 315, 317, 320

in Iberia, 222-24, 234

in Italian city-states, 307, 308

in Middle East, 281, 283, 284, 295

in Nicaragua, 258

in Novgorod, 305

in Peru, 261

in Russia, 203, 213

in 21st century, 339

vertical communication, definition, 6

vertical contract, definition, 6

in China, 175

vertical negotiation, definition, 6

in Peru, 264

Victoria, Lake, 110

Vietnam, 167

Vijayanagar Empire, 139

Viking invasions, 61

village organizations, in India, 135


Index

violence. See war

Virgil, 66

Visna, 143

Vizcaya, 242

Vladimir-Suzdal, 304

volost courts, 197

Wade, Robert, 135

wage labor, 46, 74

in China, 184

in Japan, 25, 34

wako, 35

Wang An-shih, 179

Wang Mang, 166

waqf, 283

war, effect of middle class power on, 55

war, in Africa, 108-12, 130-31

in China, 164-69

war, in India, 139-41

in Middle East, 281, 294

warring country, period in Japan, 16

warring states, period in China, 166

Wars of the Roses, 319

Watt steam engine, 242

wayo, 19

Webber and Wildavsky, 62

Welsers, 323

White Lotus rebellion, 168

White Lotus Society, 161, 165

White Revolution in Iran, 290

White Sea, 304

Wigmore, John H., 31

Wigmore and Henderson, 85

Wilks, Ivor, 101

Wilks and Hopkins, 101

William II of England, 64

Williamson, Oliver E., 8

Wilson, James Q., 66

World Bank, 327-30

World Trade Organization, 62

World War I, 202

World War II, 216

Worms, Concordat of, 64, 314

Wycliffe, John, 50

Xhosa, 92, 101

Yajnavalkya, 144

Yan Meng, 173, 175

Yang Ti, 155

Yao, 94

Yasuba, Yasukichi, 32

Yellow Turban revolt, 164

Yeltsin, Boris, 205-6, 216, 329

Yoritomo, 14, 82

Yoro law code, 30

Yoruba, 95, 100

Yoshimitsu, 19

za, 26

Zaire, 4, 92, 128, 130

Zaire river, 93, 94, 102, 111

Zamana Mesafent, 110

Zambezi river, 102

Zambia, 111, 119, 124, 125, 128, 129

zamindar, 137, 141

Zanzibar, 93, 96, 101

Zawaya, 109

Zedillo, Ernesto, 249

Zemschina, 211

Zimbabwe, 91, 102

Zollverein, 62, 325

Zulu, 110

Zurich, 52

Zurich revolt of 1489, 53

zuryo, 13